1.19 Provisions
Provisions represent liabilities of uncertain timing or amount and are recognised when the Group has a present legal or constructive obligation as a result of past events, it is probable that an outflow of resources will be required to settle the obligation, and a reliable estimate of the amount can be made. Where the Group expects a provision to be reimbursed, for example under an insurance contract, the reimbursement is recognised as a separate asset but only when the reimbursement is virtually certain. The expense relating to any provision is presenting in the income statement net of any reimbursement.
Provisions are not recognized for future operating losses. The Group recognises a provision for onerous contracts when the economic benefits to be derived from a contract are less than the unavoidable costs of meeting the obligations under the contract.
Restructuring provisions comprise lease termination penalties and employee termination payments, and are recognised in the period in which the Group becomes legally or constructively committed to payment. Costs related to the ongoing activities of the Group are not provided for in advance.
Where the effect of the time value of money is material, provisions is measured at the present value of the expenditure expected to be required to settle the obligation using a pre-tax rate that reflects current market assessments of the time value of money and the risks specific to the obligation. The increase in the provision due the passage of time is recognized as a finance expense.
1.20 Site restoration, quarry rehabilitation and environmental costs
Companies within the Group are generally required to restore the land used for quarries and processing sites at the end of their producing lives to a condition acceptable to the relevant authorities and consistent with the Group’s environmental policies. Provisions for environmental restoration are recognised when the Group has a present legal or constructive obligation as a result of past events and, it is probable that an outflow of resources will be required to settle the obligation and the amount has been reliably estimated.
Provisions associated with environmental damage represent the estimated future cost of remediation. Estimating the future costs of these obligations is complex and requires management to use judgment.
The estimation of these costs is based on an evaluation of currently available facts with respect to each individual site and considers factors such as existing technology, currently enacted laws and regulations and prior experience in remediation of sites. Inherent uncertainties exist in such evaluations primarily due to unknown conditions, changing governmental regulations and legal standards regarding liability, the protracted length of the clean-up periods and evolving technologies. The environmental and remediation liabilities provided for reflect the information available to management at the time of determination of the liability and are adjusted periodically as remediation efforts progress or as additional technical or legal information becomes available.
Estimated costs associated with such rehabilitation activities are measured at the present value of future cash outflows expected to be incurred. When the effect of the passage of time is not significant, the provision is calculated based on discounted cash flows. Where a closure and environmental obligation arises from quarry/mine development activities or relate to the decommissioning PPE the provision can be capitalized as part of the cost of the associated asset (intangible or tangible). The capitalized cost is depreciated over the useful life of the asset and any change in the net present value of the expected liability is included in finance costs, unless they arise from changes in accounting estimates of valuation.
1.21 Revenue recognition
Revenue is recognized to the extent that it is probable that the economic benefits will flow to the Group and the revenue can be reliably measured. Revenue is measured at the fair value of the consideration received or receivable, and represents amounts receivable for the sale of goods and services stated net of value-added tax, rebates and discounts.
Revenue from the sale of goods is recognised when significant risks and rewards of ownership of the goods are transferred to the buyer (usually upon delivery and customer acceptance) and the realization of the related receivable is reasonably assured.
Revenue arising from services is recognised in the accounting period in which the services are rendered, by reference to stage of completion of the specific transaction and assessed on the basis of the actual service provided as a proportion of the total services to be provided.
Revenue from rental income arising, from operating leases, is accounted for on a straight-line basis over the lease terms.
Interest income is recognised using the effective interest method. If there is an impairment of loans or receivables, their carrying value is reduced to their recoverable amount, which is the present value of the future cash flows discounting with the initial effective interest rate. Afterwards, the interest income is recognised with the same interest rate (the initial effective interest rate) multiplied with the impaired carrying value.
Dividend income is recognised when the right to receive the payment is established.
1.22 Dividend distribution
Dividend to the Company’s shareholders is recognized in the financial statements in the period in which the Board of Directors’ proposed dividend is ratified at the Shareholders’ Annual General Meeting.
1.23 Segment information
Segment information is presented on the same basis as the internal information provided to the chief operating decision maker. The chief operating decision maker is the person (or the group of persons) that allocates resources to and assesses the operating results of the segments.
For management purposes, the Group is structured in four regions: Greece and Western Europe, North America, South East Europe and Eastern Mediterranean. Each region is a set of countries. The aggregation of countries is based on proximity of operations and to an extent in similarity of economic and political conditions. Each region has a regional Chief Executive Officer (CEO) who reports to the Group's CEO. In addition, the Finance Department is organized also by region for effective financial controlling and performance monitoring.
1.24 Financial assets
Classification
The Group classifies its financial assets in the following categories: at fair value through profit or loss, loans and receivables and available for sale. The classification depends on the purpose for which the financial assets were acquired. Management determines the classification of its financial assets at initial recognition.
Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss
Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss are financial assets held for trading. A financial asset is classified in this category if acquired principally for the purpose of selling in the short term. Derivatives are also categorized as held for trading unless they are designated as hedges. Assets in this category are classified as current assets if expected to be settled within 12 months, otherwise they are classified as non-current.
Loans and receivables
Loans and receivables are non-derivative financial assets with fixed or determinable payments that are not quoted in an active market. They are included in current assets, except for maturities greater than 12 months after the end of the reporting period. These are classified as non-current assets.
Available-for-sale financial assets
Available-for-sale financial assets are non-derivatives that are either designated in this category or not classified in any of the other categories. They are included in non-current assets unless the investment matures or management intends to dispose of it within 12 months of the end of the reporting period.
Recognition and measurement
Regular purchases and sales of financial assets are recognised on the trade-date. This is the date on which the group commits to purchase or sell the asset. Investments are initially recognised at fair value plus transaction costs for all financial assets not carried at fair value through profit or loss. Financial assets carried at fair value through profit or loss is initially recognised at fair value, and transaction costs are expensed in the income statement. Financial assets are derecognised when the rights to receive cash flows from the investments have expired or have been transferred and the Group has transferred substantially all risks and rewards of ownership. Available-for-sale financial assets and financial assets at fair value through profit or loss are subsequently carried at fair value. Loans and receivables are subsequently carried at amortised cost using the effective interest method.
Gains or losses arising from changes in the fair value of the ‘financial assets at fair value through profit or loss’ category are presented in the income statement within the period in which they arise.
Changes in the fair value of monetary and non-monetary securities classified as available for sale are recognised in other comprehensive income. When securities classified as available for sale are sold or impaired, the accumulated fair value adjustments recognised in equity are included in the income statement.
Dividends on available-for-sale equity instruments are recognised in the income statement when the group’s right to receive payments is established.
1.25 Offsetting financial instruments
Financial assets and liabilities are offset and the net amount reported in the balance sheet when there is a legally enforceable right to offset recognised amounts, and there is an intention to settle on the net basis the liability or realise the asset and settle the liability simultaneously. The legally enforceable right to offset should not depend on future events but it should apply in the ordinary course of business. However, it should be allowed for the related amounts to be set off in certain circumstances, such as bankruptcy or the termination of a contract.
1.26 Impairment of financial assets
Assets carried at amortised cost
The Group assesses at the end of each reporting period whether there is objective evidence that a financial asset or group of financial assets is impaired. A financial asset or a group of financial assets is impaired and impairment losses are incurred only if there is objective evidence of impairment as a result of one or more events that occurred after the initial recognition of the asset (a ‘loss event’) and that loss event (or events) has an impact on the estimated future cash flows of the financial asset or group of financial assets that can be reliably estimated.
Evidence of impairment may include indications that the debtors or a group of debtors is experiencing significant financial difficulty, default or delinquency in interest or principal payments, the probability that they will enter bankruptcy or other financial reorganisation, and where observable data indicate that there is a measurable decrease in the estimated future cash flows.
For loans and receivables category, the amount of the loss is measured as the difference between the asset’s carrying amount and the present value of estimated future cash flows (excluding future credit losses that have not been incurred) discounted at the financial asset’s original effective interest rate. The carrying amount of the asset is reduced and the amount of the loss is recognised in the income statement.
If, in a subsequent period, the amount of the impairment loss decreases and the decrease can be related objectively to an event occurring after the impairment was recognised (such as an improvement in the debtor’s credit rating), the reversal of the previously recognised impairment loss is recognised in the income statement.
Assets classified as available-for-sale
The Group assesses at the end of each reporting period whether there is objective evidence that a financial asset or a group of financial assets is impaired. In the case of equity investments classified as available- for- sale, a significant or prolonged decline in the fair value of the security below its cost is also evidence that the assets are impaired. If any such evidence exists for available-for-sale financial assets, the cumulative loss – measured as the difference between the acquisition cost and the current fair value, less any impairment loss on that financial asset previously recognised in profit or loss – is removed from equity and recognised in profit or loss. Impairment losses recognised in the consolidated income statement on equity instruments are not reversed through the consolidated income statement. If, in a subsequent period, the fair value of a debt instrument classified as available- for- sale increases and the increase can be objectively related to an event occurring after the impairment loss was recognised in profit or loss, the impairment loss is reversed through the consolidated income statement.
1.27 Derivative financial instruments and hedging activities
Derivatives are initially recognized at fair value on the date a derivative contract is entered into and are subsequently periodically re-measured at their fair value. Derivatives are carried as financial assets when the fair value is positive and as financial liabilities when the fair value is negative.
Any gains or losses arising from changes in the fair value of derivatives are taken directly to profit or loss, except for the effective portion of cash flow hedges, which is recognized in other comprehensive income (OCI) and later is reclassified to profit or loss when the hedge item affects profit or loss.
For the purpose of hedge accounting, hedges are classified as:
- Fair value hedges when hedging the exposure to changes in the fair value of a recognized asset or liability or an unrecognized firm commitment
- Cash flow hedges when hedging the exposure to variability in cash flows that is either attributable to a particular risk associated with a recognized asset or liability or a highly probable forecast transaction or the foreign currency risk in an unrecognized firm commitment
- Hedges of a net investment in a foreign operation
At the inception of the hedge relationship, Group formally designates and documents the hedge relationship between hedging instruments and hedged items, to which it wishes to apply hedge accounting and the risk management objective and strategy for undertaking the hedge. The documentation includes identification of the hedging instrument, the hedged item or transaction, the nature of the risk being hedged and how the entity will assess the effectiveness of changes in the hedging instrument’s fair value in offsetting the exposure to changes in the hedged item’s fair value or cash flows attributable to the hedged risk. Such hedges are expected to be highly effective in achieving offsetting changes in fair value or cash flows and are assessed on an ongoing basis to determine that they actually have been highly effective throughout the financial reporting periods for which they were designated.
The full fair value of a hedging derivative is classified as a non-current asset or liability when the remaining hedged item is more than 12 months and as a current asset or liability when the remaining maturity of the hedged item is less than 12 months.
Hedges that meet the strict criteria for hedge accounting are accounted for, as described below:
Fair value hedges
Changes in the fair value of derivatives that are designated and qualify as fair value hedges are recorded in the income statement, together with any changes in the fair value of the hedged asset or liability that are attributable to the hedged risk. The gain or loss relating both to the effective and ineffective portion of interest rate swaps hedging fixed rate borrowings is recognized in the income statement within “Finance income/expense”.
Cash flow hedges
The effective portion of gains or losses from measuring cash flow hedging instruments is recognized in OCI and accumulated in reserves, in the account “translation differences on derivate hedging position”. The gain or loss relating to the ineffective portion is recognized immediately in the income statement within “Finance income/expenses”.
Amounts accumulated in equity are reclassified to profit or loss in the periods when the hedged item affects profit or loss.
When a hedging instrument expires or is sold or terminated, or when a hedge no longer meets the criteria for hedge accounting, any cumulative gain or loss existing in equity at that time remains in equity and is recognised when the forecast transaction is ultimately recognised in profit or loss. When a forecast transaction is no longer expected to occur, the cumulative gain or loss that was reported in equity is immediately reclassified to profit or loss.
Net investment hedge
Hedges of net investments in foreign entities are accounted for similarly to cash flow hedges. Where the hedging instrument is a derivative, any gain or loss on the hedging instrument relating to the effective portion of the hedge is recognised in currency translation differences on derivative hedging position in other reserves. The gain or loss relating to the ineffective portion is recognised immediately in other income/expenses in the income statement. However, where the hedging instrument is not a derivative (for example, a foreign currency borrowing), all foreign exchange gains or losses arising on the translation of a borrowing that hedges such an investment (including any ineffective portion of the hedge) are recognized in equity in “translation differences on derivative hedging position” in “other reserves”.
Gains or losses accumulated in equity are included in the income statement when the foreign operation is partially disposed of or sold. The Group’s ‘other reserves’ include gains that have resulted from such hedging activities carried out in the past.
Derivatives that do not qualify for hedge accounting
Certain derivative transactions, do not qualify for hedge accounting under rules in IFRS. Any gains or losses arising from changes in the fair value of financial instruments that are not part of a hedging relationship are included in finance income/(expenses), or gain/(loss) from foreign exchange differences in the income statement for the period in which they arise.
1.28 De-recognition of financial assets and liabilities
Financial assets: A financial asset (or, where applicable a part of a financial asset or part of a group of similar financial assets) is derecognized when:
- the rights to receive cash flows from the asset have expired;
- the Group retains the right to receive cash flows from the asset, but has assumed an obligation to pay them in full without material delay to a third party under a “pass-through” arrangement; or
- the Group has transferred its rights to receive cash flows from the asset and either (a) has transferred substantially all the risks and rewards of the assets, or (b) has neither transferred nor retained substantially all the risks and rewards of the asset, but has transferred control of the asset.
Where the Group has transferred its rights to receive cash flows from an asset and has neither transferred nor retained substantially all the risks and rewards of the asset nor transferred control of the asset, the asset is recognized to the extent of the Group’s continuing involvement in the asset. A respective liability is also recognized.
Continuing involvement that takes the form of a guarantee over the transferred asset is measured at the lower of the original carrying amount of the asset and the maximum amount of consideration that the Group could be required to repay.
Financial liabilities: A financial liability is derecognized when the obligation under the liability is discharged or cancelled or expires. Where an existing financial liability is replaced by another from the same lender on substantially different terms, or the terms of an existing liability are substantially modified, such an exchange or modification is treated as a de-recognition of the original liability and the recognition of a new liability. The difference in the respective carrying amounts is recognized in the consolidated statement of income.
1.29 Borrowing costs
Borrowing costs directly attributable to the acquisition, construction or production of a qualifying which is an asset that necessarily takes a substantial period of time to get ready for its intended use or sale are capitalized as part of the cost of the respective assets until such as the asset is substantially ready for its intended use or sale. Qualifying assets are assets that necessarily take a substantial period of time to get ready for their intended use or sale. All other borrowing costs are expensed in the profit of loss in the period in which they are occurred. Borrowing costs consist of interest and other costs that an entity incurs in connection with the borrowing of funds.
1.30 Trade payables
Trade payables are obligations to pay for goods or services that have been acquired in the ordinary course of business from suppliers. Accounts payable are classified as current liabilities if payment is due within one year or less (or in the normal operating cycle of the business if longer). If not, they are presented as non-current liabilities.
Trade payables are recognised initially at fair value and subsequently measured at amortised cost using the effective interest method.
1.31 Exceptional items
Exceptional items are disclosed separately in the financial statements where it is necessary to do so to provide further understanding of the financial performance of the group. They are material items of income or expense that have been shown separately due to the significance of their nature or amount. Examples of exceptional items include gains/losses on disposal of non-current assets, restructuring costs and other unusual gains or losses.